Journal of the American College of Cardiology

Volume 66, Issue 24, December 2015 DOI: 10.1016/j.jacc.2015.09.099
PDF Article
Download

Complete Versus Lesion-Only Primary PCI
The Randomized Cardiovascular MR CvLPRIT Substudy

Gerry P. McCann, Jamal N. Khan, John P. Greenwood, Sheraz Nazir, Miles Dalby, Nick Curzen, Simon Hetherington, Damian J. Kelly, Daniel J. Blackman, Arne Ring, Charles Peebles, Joyce Wong, Thiagarajah Sasikaran, Marcus Flather, Howard Swanton and Anthony H. Gershlick

Author + information

vol. 66 no. 24 2713-2724
DOI: 
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jacc.2015.09.099
Published By: 
Journal of the American College of Cardiology
Print ISSN: 
0735-1097
Online ISSN: 
1558-3597
History: 
  • Received June 24, 2015
  • Revision received September 2, 2015
  • Accepted September 22, 2015
  • Published online December 22, 2015.
Copyright & Usage: 
2015 American College of Cardiology Foundation

Author Information

  1. Gerry P. McCann, MD∗∗ (gpm12{at}le.ac.uk),
  2. Jamal N. Khan, MBChB∗,
  3. John P. Greenwood, MBChB, PhD†,
  4. Sheraz Nazir, MBBChir∗,
  5. Miles Dalby, MD‡,
  6. Nick Curzen, BM, PhD§,
  7. Simon Hetherington, MD‖,
  8. Damian J. Kelly, MD,
  9. Daniel J. Blackman, MD†,
  10. Arne Ring, PhD#∗∗,
  11. Charles Peebles, MBChB§,
  12. Joyce Wong, MD‡,
  13. Thiagarajah Sasikaran, PhD††,
  14. Marcus Flather, MBBS, PhD‡‡,
  15. Howard Swanton, MD§§ and
  16. Anthony H. Gershlick, MBBS∗
  1. ∗Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, University of Leicester and the National Institute of Health Research (NIHR) Leicester Cardiovascular Biomedical Research Unit, University Hospitals of Leicester National Health Service (NHS) Trust, Glenfield Hospital, Leicester, United Kingdom
  2. †Multidisciplinary Cardiovascular Research Centre & Division of Cardiovascular and Diabetes Research, Leeds Institute of Cardiovascular and Metabolic Medicine (LICAMM), University of Leeds, Leeds, United Kingdom
  3. ‡Department of Cardiology, Royal Brompton and Harefield Foundation Trust, Harefield Hospital, Middlesex, United Kingdom, and the Cardiovascular Biomedical Research Unit of Royal Brompton and Harefield NHS Foundation Trust and Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
  4. §Department of Cardiology and Radiology, University Hospital Southampton NHS Foundation Trust and University of Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom
  5. ‖Department of Cardiology, Kettering General Hospital, Kettering, United Kingdom
  6. Department of Cardiology, Royal Derby Hospital, Derby, United Kingdom
  7. #Leicester Clinical Trials Unit, University of Leicester, Leicester, United Kingdom
  8. ∗∗Department of Mathematical Statistics and Actuarial Science, University of the Free State, Bloemfontein, South Africa
  9. ††Clinical Trials & Evaluation Unit, Royal Brompton & Harefield NHS Foundation Trust and Imperial Clinical Trials Unit, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
  10. ‡‡Clinical Trials Unit, Norfolk and Norwich University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust and Norwich Medical School, University of East Anglia, Norwich, United Kingdom
  11. §§Department of Cardiology, Heart Hospital, University College London Hospitals, London, United Kingdom
  1. ↵∗Reprint requests and correspondence:
    Dr. Gerry McCann, Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, University of Leicester, Glenfield Hospital, LE3 9QP Leicester, England, United Kingdom.

Abstract

Background Complete revascularization may improve outcomes compared with an infarct-related artery (IRA)-only strategy in patients being treated with primary percutaneous coronary intervention (PPCI) who have multivessel disease presenting with ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI). However, there is concern that non-IRA PCI may cause additional non-IRA myocardial infarction (MI).

Objectives This study sought to determine whether in-hospital complete revascularization was associated with increased total infarct size compared with an IRA-only strategy.

Methods This multicenter prospective, randomized, open-label, blinded endpoint clinical trial evaluated STEMI patients with multivessel disease having PPCI within 12 h of symptom onset. Patients were randomized to either IRA-only PCI or complete in-hospital revascularization. Contrast-enhanced cardiovascular magnetic resonance (CMR) was performed following PPCI (median day 3) and stress CMR at 9 months. The pre-specified primary endpoint was infarct size on pre-discharge CMR. The study had 80% power to detect a 4% difference in infarct size with 100 patients per group.

Results Of the 296 patients in the main trial, 205 participated in the CMR substudy, and 203 patients (98 complete revascularization and 105 IRA-only) completed the pre-discharge CMR. The groups were well-matched. Total infarct size (median, interquartile range) was similar to IRA-only revascularization: 13.5% (6.2% to 21.9%) versus complete revascularization, 12.6% (7.2% to 22.6%) of left ventricular mass, p = 0.57 (95% confidence interval for difference in geometric means 0.82 to 1.41). The complete revascularization group had an increase in non-IRA MI on the pre-discharge CMR (22 of 98 vs. 11 of 105, p = 0.02). There was no difference in total infarct size or ischemic burden between treatment groups at follow-up CMR.

Conclusions Multivessel PCI in the setting of STEMI leads to a small increase in CMR-detected non-IRA MI, but total infarct size was not significantly different from an IRA-only revascularization strategy. (Complete Versus Lesion-Only Primary PCI Pilot Study [CvLPRIT]; ISRCTN70913605)

Key Words

Multivessel coronary artery disease is seen in approximately 40% of patients presenting with ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI) being treated with primary percutaneous coronary intervention (PPCI). Clinical guidelines recommend percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) to the infarct-related artery (IRA) only, largely based on registry data that have suggested increased risk of adverse events with complete revascularization (1,2) in those patients selected to receive complete revascularization. However, 2 recent prospective randomized controlled trials (PRAMI [Preventive Angioplasty in Myocardial Infarction] trial and the CvLPRIT [Complete Versus Lesion-Only Primary PCI Trial]), which compared a strategy of complete versus IRA-only revascularization in PPCI patients with multivessel disease, have shown a reduction in major adverse cardiovascular events (MACE) with complete revascularization (3,4).

The mechanisms leading to improved clinical outcomes are currently unclear. However, there is concern that PCI to non-IRAs may be associated with additional procedural-related infarction (5). These well-described type 4a myocardial infarctions (MIs) (6) cannot be detected by conventional enzymatic markers at the time of PPCI because the associated increases are relatively small compared with the large rise in enzymes caused by the STEMI itself. Cardiovascular magnetic resonance (CMR) is able to precisely characterize areas of myocardial injury following myocardial ischemia. The myocardium at risk becomes edematous (7), and late gadolinium-enhanced (LGE) imaging allows the accurate detection and quantification of infarct size and microvascular obstruction (MVO) (8). Infarct size (9) and MVO (10) measured on CMR are both strong medium-term prognostic markers following PPCI. There are no CMR data as yet in the literature on patients undergoing complete revascularization for multivessel disease at the time of PPCI.

The primary aim of the current pre-specified substudy was to assess whether a complete revascularization strategy, due to causing additional infarcts in the non-IRA territories, was associated with greater infarct size than an IRA-only strategy in patients randomized in CvLPRIT. Additionally, we aimed to assess whether myocardial salvage and myocardial ischemia at follow-up CMR were different in the 2 groups.

Methods

Study design

The design and rationale of the study have been published previously (11). Briefly, CvLPRIT CMR was a pre-specified substudy of a multicenter, prospective, randomized, controlled, open-label clinical trial and with blinded CMR endpoint analysis (PROBE design) that was conducted in 7 U.K. centers between May 2011 and May 2014. The inclusion (PPCI <12 h from symptom onset and angiographic stenosis in the non-IRA >70% or >50% in 2 orthogonal views) and exclusion criteria were as for the main trial (4) with absolute contraindications to CMR imaging as an additional exclusion. The Trent Research Ethics Committee (Ref: 11/H0405/4) approved the study, which was conducted according to the Declaration of Helsinki. All patients gave written informed consent.

Patients

The flow diagram for patient recruitment and testing is shown in Figure 1. Eligible patients from the first 286 in the main trial (4) were approached to participate in the CMR substudy until the target recruitment (200) was achieved (April 2013). Patients in the CMR substudy had similar clinical characteristics to those included in the main trial (Table 1).

Central Illustration
Central Illustration

Complete Versus Lesion-Only Revascularization in Acute MI: The CMR CvLPRIT Substudy

Overview of the CvLPRIT CMR trial showing the randomization strategy and main results. Red asterisk indicates IRA late gadolinium enhancement; blue asterisk indicates N-IRA late gadolinium enhancement. CMR = cardiovascular magnetic resonance; CvLPRIT = Complete Versus Lesion-Only Primary PCI Pilot Study; LV = left ventricular; MI = myocardial infarction; N-IRA = non–infarct-related artery; IS = infarct size.

Figure 1
Figure 1

Consort Diagram for CvLPRIT CMR

Standards of Reporting Trials (CONSORT) diagram illustrating recruitment and patient flow. In the topmost boxes are the numbers of patients randomized to each of the 2 treatment arms (intention to treat) and the number who subsequently received each treatment. CABG = coronary artery bypass graft; CMR = cardiovascular magnetic resonance; CR = complete revascularization; CvLPRIT = Complete Versus Lesion-Only Primary PCI Pilot Study; IRA = infarct-related artery; LGE = late gadolinium enhancement.

View this table:
Table 1

Baseline Characteristics of the Main CvLPRIT and CMR Substudy Participants

Randomization and treatment

Eligible patients presenting with STEMI within 12 h were randomized, after verbal assent and coronary angiography, but before PCI to the culprit lesion, to either IRA-only or in-hospital complete revascularization. Randomization was stratified by infarct location (anterior/non-anterior MI) and time to presentation (>3 or ≤3 h). PCI was performed according to current guidelines. Written informed consent for continued participation in the study was obtained on the day(s) following the PPCI, once the patient was able to understand and retain the information.

Angiographic analysis

Pre- and post-PPCI epicardial coronary flow was assessed using Thrombolysis In Myocardial Infarction (TIMI) scoring (12). Collateral flow to the IRA pre-PPCI was graded using the Rentrop system (13). Quantitative coronary angiography was undertaken using QAngioXA v1.0 software (Medis, Leiden, the Netherlands).

CMR imaging

CMR was undertaken in 5 of the 7 hospitals recruiting to the main study, using 1.5-T platforms (4 Siemens Avanto, Erlangen, Germany, and 1 Philips Intera, Best, the Netherlands). Patients from the 2 other participating hospitals without onsite CMR (Derby and Kettering) were scanned at Glenfield Hospital.

Pre-discharge CMR

CMR was performed during the index admission and after non-IRA PCI in those patients in the complete revascularization group in whom the procedure was staged. The protocol was similar to that previously described (14) with the addition of T2-weighted short tau inversion recovery (T2w-STIR) imaging for the detection of edema and is shown in Figure 2, with typical pulse sequence parameters for the Siemens scanners. A complete T2w-STIR left ventricular (LV) short-axis stack was acquired after localizer and long-axis cine imaging. Gadolinium gadopentate (Magnevist, Bayer, Faversham, United Kingdom) 0.2 mmol/kg was administered before the short-axis cine stack.

Figure 2
Figure 2

Pre-Discharge CMR Protocol

Pulse sequence parameters for Siemens scanners given. 4/3/2C = 4/3/2-chamber long-axis; AAR = area at risk; CMR = cardiovascular magnetic resonance; FWHM = full-width half-maximum; FOV = field of view; IMH = intramyocardial hemorrhage; IS = infarct size; LGE = late gadolinium-enhanced; LV = left ventricular; MVO = microvascular obstruction; SAX = short-axis; ST = slice thickness; T2w-STIR = T2-weighted short tau inversion recovery; TE = echo time; TI = inversion time; TR = repetition time.

Follow-up CMR

Follow-up CMR was performed at 9 months (±4 weeks) post-PPCI. The protocol for follow-up CMR was similar to the pre-discharge scan, but with T2w-STIR imaging omitted and assessment of reversible ischemia included. First-pass perfusion imaging in 3 short-axis slices was performed as previously described (15) following intravenous administration of 0.1 mmol/kg gadolinium contrast, using a breath-hold, saturation recovery gradient-echo pulse sequence. Pharmacological stress was achieved with intravenous adenosine infusion at 140 μg/kg/min for ≥3 min. Rest perfusion, with a further 0.1 mmol/kg of contrast, was performed after acquiring a short-axis cine stack covering the entire LV and ≥10 min after stress imaging. LGE imaging was acquired 10 min following rest perfusion.

CMR analysis

Physicians blinded to all clinical data, including treatment allocation, performed the CMR analyses at the University of Leicester core laboratory. Image quality was assessed on a 4-point scale: 3 = excellent; 2 = good; 1 = moderate; and 0 = unanalyzable. Additionally, for T2w-STIR sequences, if no regional variation in signal intensity within the myocardium was seen, these patients were excluded from analysis of the area at risk (AAR).

LV volumes and mass were calculated from cine images as previously described using QMass v7.1 (Medis) (15). The presence of LGE was assessed by 2 observers (G.P.M., J.N.K.) and was quantitated with cvi42 (Cardiovascular Imaging, Calgary, Alberta, Canada) using the full-width half-maximum technique (16). If infarction was seen in more than 1 coronary territory in the pre-discharge CMR, this was recorded as being in the IRA territory (associated edema and/or MVO) or the non-IRA territory with the consensus of 3 observers (J.N.K., G.P.M., J.P.G.). Non-IRA infarcts were additionally classified as likely to be acute or chronic (presence of wall thinning and no edema/MVO). Infarct size was recorded for both IRA and non-IRA LGE, and total infarct size was the sum of all LGE. Edema (AAR) was quantified as hyperenhancement on T2w-STIR imaging in cmr42 using Otsu’s Automated Method (17). Areas of hypoenhancement within infarct and edema were regarded as MVO and intramyocardial hemorrhage, respectively, and included in the infarct size and AAR, respectively. LV volumes and mass were indexed to body surface area, and infarct size was expressed as percentage of LV mass. Myocardial salvage index (MSI) was calculated as the percentage of the AAR that was not infarcted on LGE images using infarct size from both the pre-discharge (Acute MSI) and follow-up (Final MSI) CMR scan.

Perfusion images were visually assessed for defects (visible defect for ≥5 heartbeats) by the consensus of 2 observers (J.N.K., G.P.M.). Cine, stress perfusion, rest perfusion, and LGE images were studied together and assessed according to the American Heart Association 16-segment model. Rest perfusion images were used mainly to identify artifacts. Perfusion defects and areas of infarction were graded as subendocardial (≤50% transmurality) or transmural (>50% transmurality) and given a score of 1 or 2, respectively, per segment, whereas normal myocardium was scored 0. A modified summed difference score was calculated (maximum score 32) (18), defined as the difference between the sum of segmental stress perfusion defects and LGE. The summed difference score was expressed as percentage of the maximum possible to calculate ischemic burden.

Intra- and interobserver variability of LV volumetrics and infarct characteristics

Ten pre-discharge and follow-up scans were randomly selected and analyzed twice by the same observer after 4 weeks (J.N.K.) and once by a further observer (S.N.). The data are shown in the Online Appendix. All intraclass correlation coefficients for intraobserver and interobserver agreement for CMR quantitative data exceeded 0.92.

Clinical outcomes and follow-up

MACE comprised a composite of all-cause mortality, recurrent MI, heart failure, and ischemia-driven revascularization. Additional secondary endpoints included cardiovascular death, individual components of the primary endpoint, and the safety endpoints stroke, major bleeding, and contrast-induced nephropathy. Data were collected by an independent clinical trials unit (Royal Brompton Hospital, London, England) and events adjudicated by blinded clinicians.

Statistical analysis

The primary outcome was infarct size (expressed as a % of LV mass) on pre-discharge CMR, which was analyzed on a log-transformed scale, as it is generally right-skewed. Primary analysis was on an intention-to-treat basis of all randomized patients according to treatment group who completed the pre-discharge CMR. The result was adjusted for known predictors of infarct size (age, anterior MI, time to revascularization, diabetes, AAR, Rentrop grade, and TIMI flow grade pre-PPCI), using generalized mixed models. No adjustments for multiplicity were performed for secondary endpoints. Normally distributed continuous variables were expressed as mean ± SD, and comparison was with Student t tests. Non-normally distributed data were expressed as median (25th to 75th quartiles) and analyzed using independent Student t testing where log transformation normalized data, and using Mann-Whitney testing were the degree of skew rendered data nontransformable. Categorical variables were compared using chi-square testing. Clinical outcomes were assessed using time-to-first-event survival analysis (log-rank test with right censoring), and Cox proportional hazard models were fitted to estimate hazard ratios and 95% confidence intervals for treatment comparisons. One hundred patients in each arm gave 81% power to detect a 4% absolute difference in infarct size, assuming a mean of 20% of LV mass and standard deviation of 10% (19,20), using a 2-tailed test with alpha = 0.05. New infarct comprising 4% of LV mass is associated with adverse prognosis in patients with revascularization-related injury (21).

Results

Patients

In the CMR substudy, 205 consented to participate. Of these, 2 patients were excluded: 1 patient did not complete the early CMR, and in 1 patient, the LGE images were not analyzable. The complete revascularization and IRA-only groups in the CMR substudy were well-matched for characteristics, with no statistically significant differences between groups, although there was a trend for more women in the IRA-only group (Table 1).

Angiographic and PCI details

Data are shown in Table 2. Thirty patients in the complete revascularization group had a staged procedure 1.43 (interquartile range [IQR]: 1.03 to 2.04) days after the PPCI. Coronary artery disease severity was similar in the groups, although the IRA-territory collateralization grade was significantly higher in the complete revascularization group. Total screening time, contrast dose, procedure length, and number of implanted stents were significantly greater in complete revascularization patients. The vast majority of patients in both arms received drug-eluting stents, although this was slightly higher in complete revascularization patients. Symptom-to-PCI times, antiplatelet, anticoagulant use, and post-PPCI creatine kinase rise were similar in both arms. There was a nonsignificant trend for no-reflow to be more common in the complete revascularization than the IRA group. There was greater usage of a second antianginal agent in patients in the IRA-only group.

View this table:
Table 2

Periprocedural Details in the CR and IRA-Only Groups

Pre-discharge CMR

Results are displayed in Table 3. Pre-discharge CMR was undertaken at a median of 3 days post-PPCI in both treatment arms. There was no statistical difference in the primary endpoint of total infarct size between the groups: IRA-only, 13.5% (IQR: 6.2% to 21.9%) of LV mass versus complete revascularization, 12.6% (IQR: 7.2% to 22.6%) of LV mass, p = 0.57. The ratio of the geometric means for total infarct size in the IRA-only (15.9 ± 13.2%) and CR (16.3 ± 13.0%) arms is 0.98 (95% confidence interval: 0.82 to 1.41), confirming no difference between the 2 treatment arms. When corrected for covariates (age, sex, anterior MI, time to revascularization, TIMI flow pre-PCI, diabetic status, Rentrop grade and AAR), there remained no difference in median infarct size (beta = 0.02, p = 0.68) between the 2 groups.

View this table:
Table 3

Pre-Discharge and Follow-Up CMR

The prevalence of multiple territory infarcts in the complete revascularization group was double that of the IRA-only group and the number of acute non-IRA infarcts was increased 3-fold in those undergoing complete revascularization (Table 3). Examples, with corresponding edema images, are shown in Figure 3, and the location, size of infarct, expected coronary artery territory, and whether the individual patients had an additional non-IRA PCI are shown in Online Table 1. Eighteen of 20 acute non-IRA infarcts in patents in the complete revascularization group concurred with additional PCI in the relevant non-IRA coronary territory. Five patients randomized to the IRA-only group also had non-IRA acute MI. Two of these patients had treatment crossover and received non-IRA PCI. The first crossover followed ongoing ischemia post-PPCI and was associated with non-IRA MI in the relevant territory. The second crossover resulted from human error, and this patient had a small non-IRA acute MI in the anteroseptum but had non-IRA PCI of the circumflex artery. Six patients in the IRA-only and 5 in the complete revascularization group had chronic infarcts (evidenced by wall thinning). Excluding these patients from the analysis did not affect the results (Online Table 2).

Figure 3
Figure 3

Examples of Patients With >1 “Acute” MI on CMR

Late gadolinium-enhanced short-axis images (top row and third rows) and corresponding colocalized edema images (second and fourth rows). Red asterisks indicate IRA-territory infarct; blue asterisks indicate NIRA-territory infarct(s). Subject ID: (A) (X511); (B) (X612); (C) (X665); (D) (X709); (E) (X757); (F) (X791); (G) (X798); (H) (X808). IRA infarct size and non-IRA PCI are shown in Online Table 1. NIRA = non–infarct-related artery; other abbreviations as in Figure 2.

MVO was present in more than one-half of all patients, although quantitatively, the amount was very low (median <0.2% of LV mass). In 52 patients (26%), AAR could not be quantified: no artifact, but no edema discernable (n = 33); not performed due to arrhythmia or suboptimal breath-holding (n = 14); or severe artifact (n = 5). AAR and MSI were lower, but not significantly, in the complete revascularization group. LV volume, mass, and ejection fraction were similar in both groups.

Follow-up CMR

Follow-up CMR was completed in 84 patients in the complete revascularization group and 80 patients in the IRA-only group (Table 3). Of the 39 patients who did not have a repeat CMR, 29 patients declined, 3 had died, 2 cited claustrophobia, 1 had an implantable cardioverter-defibrillator, 1 had a severe noncardiovascular illness, and in 3, there were logistical reasons. There were no differences in baseline characteristics or pre-discharge CMR between those who completed and did not attend the follow-up CMR (data not shown). Three patients were unable to undertake adenosine stress perfusion due to obstructive airways disease, and perfusion imaging was unanalyzable in 2 patients due to severe persistent dark-rim artefact (1 in the complete revascularization group, 1 in the IRA-only group). LV volumes and function were similar between groups. The prevalence of infarct and multiple infarcts were greater in the complete revascularization group. However, there was no significant difference in total infarct size and final MSI between the groups. Reversible perfusion defects were seen in 21% of patients in both groups, and overall ischemic burden was small. When the extent of ischemia was assessed only in patients with reversible perfusion defects, the ischemic burden was not statistically different in the complete revascularization and IRA-only groups.

Clinical outcomes

Median follow-up was 372 days (IRA 377 days, complete revascularization 366 days, p = 0.38). One hundred ninety-eight (98%) patients attended 12-month clinical follow-up (3 patients died before this time point, and 2 patients withdrew consent). Length of inpatient stay and incidence of in-hospital clinical events were similar in the treatment arms (Table 4). There was a borderline significant reduction in MACE in patients undergoing complete revascularization, and the corresponding events rates and hazard ratio were similar to that seen in the main trial. Thirteen patients in the IRA-only arm had 14 revascularization procedures (2 separate PCIs in 1 patient) after PPCI. All but 1 were revascularization to the non-IRAs (1 patient had acute stent thrombosis of the IRA on day 0 and had repeat PCI). The indications were as follows: acute coronary syndrome 7 (3 non-STEMI); 6 refractory symptoms (1 coronary artery bypass surgery); and 1 patient underwent elective PCI at the discretion of the responsible physician.

View this table:
Table 4

Clinical Outcomes

Discussion

This is the first detailed study of pre-discharge and follow-up CMR outcomes in a randomized study of IRA-only versus complete revascularization in multivessel coronary disease at PPCI. The data have confirmed that non-IRA PCI is associated with additional infarction. However, these type 4a MIs (6) are relatively infrequent, generally small, and did not result in an increase in total infarct size. There is mounting evidence from randomized trials that treating multivessel disease with complete revascularization (4,22) leads to a reduction in MACE after PPCI compared with an IRA-only strategy.

The patients in the substudy had similar baseline characteristics to those in the main trial. Because time to revascularization (4) and anterior MI (23) are strongly associated with infarct size, randomization was stratified by these variables. There was a similar reduction in the hazard ratio for MACE in the complete revascularization CMR subgroup as that seen in the main study compared with IRA-only revascularization, and we believe that the CMR substudy population is representative of those in the main study.

It is well-recognized that elective PCI can cause a troponin rise in approximately 30% of patients and approximately 50% undergoing PCI for unstable angina (24). Such type 4a MIs (6) can be detected on CMR and have been associated with adverse prognosis (21,25). In this substudy of CvLPRIT, the prevalence of >1 CMR-detected infarct in patients receiving complete revascularization was double that in the IRA-only arm (23.8% vs. 11.2%), and more than 3-fold for the acute non-IRA infarcts (17.1% vs. 4.8%) (Central Illustration). Previous Q-wave MI was an exclusion criterion in this study, but 4% had a history of previous non-STEMI, and a similar number (6% in the IRA-only and 5% in the complete revascularization groups) had chronic non-IRA MI on the pre-discharge CMR. Excluding these patients did not significantly affect the results. These data suggest that an additional 12% of patients with multivessel disease who receive complete revascularization at the time of PPCI will have evidence of additional CMR-detectable infarction compared with IRA-only revascularization. However, this proportion is less than might have been expected from previous studies in elective PCI (24), where up to 29% of patients have evidence of new infarction on CMR associated with troponin elevation (25). The extent of acute non-IRA infarction was also smaller (median 2.5% of LV mass) than may have been anticipated from elective PCI data given that average infarct size in those with new late enhancement on CMR was 5.0 ± 4.8% of LV mass (25), despite all patients in that study being pre-treated with clopidogrel for >24 h and given a glycoprotein IIb/IIIa inhibitor periprocedurally. Importantly, in the present study, total infarct size was not increased in the short term or at follow-up, and there were no significant differences in myocardial salvage, LV volumes, or ejection fraction between the treatment groups. Peak creatine kinase levels were also similar in the 2 groups.

These findings provide reassurance that non-IRA intervention at the time of PPCI does not lead to increased total infarct size. In the main CvLPRIT trial, complete revascularization resulted in a significantly reduced hazard ratio for 12-month MACE despite the greater prevalence of CMR-detected type 4a MIs shown here. There are limited data as to whether revascularization-induced myocardial injury detected by CMR is linked to prognosis (21), and none in patients presenting with STEMI. In an observational study of 152 patients undergoing elective revascularization, 32% had evidence of new LGE, which averaged 5 g (4% of LV mass), and one-half of these patients were treated with coronary artery bypass surgery (21). In that study, patients with new infarction following revascularization had reduced ejection fraction, increased LV volume, increased total infarct size, and a 3-fold increase in MACE at a median of 2.9 years follow-up compared with those without new LGE (21). Given that the complete revascularization group in the current study had no increase in total infarct size, LV volume, or reduced ejection fraction, it seems unlikely that the short- to medium-term clinical benefits of complete revascularization (22) will be offset in the long term by increased heart failure or sudden cardiac deaths. However, longer-term follow-up of patients in this study is needed to confirm this.

We did not observe any significant differences in myocardial salvage between the treatment groups in this study. Non-IRA revascularization at the time of PPCI could increase perfusion to watershed areas by relieving flow-limiting stenoses, resulting in increased myocardial salvage (26). Alternatively, resting myocardial perfusion and flow reserve following PCI may actually be reduced, as has been shown in elective patients as a result of distal embolization, particularly when the PCI is associated with new LGE (26,27). It may be that both effects are seen with non-IRA PCI resulting in no net benefit with regard to myocardial salvage in the PPCI setting.

Unexpectedly, we also observed no difference in ischemic burden between the groups undergoing follow-up stress perfusion CMR. There are several potential explanations for this finding. First, it is well recognized that even severe angiographic stenoses may not cause ischemia (28,29). Second, 11 patients in the IRA-only arm had further PCI before the stress CMR that is likely to have reduced ischemic burden in this group. Third, the small number of crossovers from randomization is likely to have diminished the differences in ischemia between the groups. Finally, the stress CMR was undertaken in patients on optimal medical therapy, which may dramatically reduce post-MI ischemia (30) making it more difficult to detect differences between the groups, especially as there was higher use of a second antianginal medication in the IRA-only group. This may also explain why the overall ischemic burden in our study was small (3% to 4%). It remains to be determined whether ischemia is prognostically important in the PPCI era, especially because medical therapy may result in similar clinical outcomes to a revascularization strategy even in patients treated with thrombolysis (30). Further insight on this subject will be available from the CvLPRIT nuclear substudy.

Study limitations

The optimal timing to assess infarct size post-STEMI is uncertain (31). We chose an early time point to enhance participation in the CMR substudy because we felt there could have been a higher dropout rate scanning patients after hospital discharge. MSI was only reliably measured in ∼75% of patients, and the use of novel T1 or T2 mapping techniques for future studies may lead to a more robust assessment. Current CMR techniques cannot reliably differentiate whether a very small MI, which is not associated with wall thinning, edema, or MVO, is acute or chronic, and this contributed to the slight overreporting of acute non-IRA MIs that were not associated with revascularization in this study.

Conclusions

An in-hospital complete revascularization strategy in patients with multivessel disease at the time of PPCI is associated with a small increase in type 4a MIs in non-IRA territories, but total infarct size was not significantly different compared with an IRA-only strategy.

Perspectives

COMPETENCY IN MEDICAL KNOWLEDGE: In patients with STEMI and multivessel disease, a strategy of complete revascularization is associated with a small increase (12%) in the risk of type 4a MIs, but similar total infarct size, compared with a strategy addressing only the infarct-related artery.

TRANSLATIONAL OUTLOOK: Future trials should incorporate selective revascularization strategies based on coronary angiography at the time of primary PCI and functional assessments of coronary lesions to guide complete revascularization.

Appendix

Online Appendix and Online Tables 1 and 2 [S0735109715071065_mmc1.docx]

Appendix

For supplemental data and tables, please see the online version of this article.

Footnotes

  • The CMR substudy was funded by the Medical Research Council and managed by the NIHR Efficacy and Mechanism Evaluation programme (10-27-01). The main CvLPRIT trial was funded by the British Heart Foundation (SP/10/001) with support from the NIHR Comprehensive Local Research Networks. The views expressed in this publication are those of the author(s) and not necessarily those of the NHS, the NIHR, or the Department of Health. Dr. McCann is funded by an NIHR research fellowship. Dr. McCann has received research grants from Servier, Novartis, and Menarini International. Dr. Dalby has been a consultant for AstraZeneca, Medtronic, Boston Scientific, and Eli Lilly and Company; and has received research grants from Abbott Vascular, Daiichi Sankyo, Eli Lilly and Company, and Sanofi. Dr. Curzen has received research grants from Boston Scientific, St. Jude Medical, Haemonetics, and Medtronic; honoraria from St. Jude Medical, Haemonetics, and HeartFlow; travel sponsorship from Biosensors, Abbott Vascular, St. Jude Medical, and Haemonetics; and has also received nonfinancial support from Volcano. Dr. Ring is an employee of Medac; and has received research funding and travel grants from Boehringer Ingelheim, Novartis, and Roche. Dr. Flather has served on advisory and speakers boards for AstraZeneca and Menarini International; and has received research funding from Menarini International. Dr. Gershlick has served on advisory boards of Medtronic, Abbott Vascular, and AstraZeneca; and is on the speakers bureaus of Abbott Vascular and AstraZeneca. All other authors have reported that they have no relationships relevant to the contents of this paper to disclose. Drs. McCann and Khan contributed equally to this work.

  • Listen to this manuscript's audio summary by JACC Editor-in-Chief Dr. Valentin Fuster.

Abbreviations and Acronyms
AAR
area at risk
CMR
cardiovascular magnetic resonance
IRA
infarct-related artery
LGE
late gadolinium-enhanced
LV
left ventricle/ventricular
MACE
major adverse cardiovascular events
MI
myocardial infarction
MSI
myocardial salvage index
MVO
microvascular obstruction
PCI
percutaneous coronary intervention
PPCI
primary percutaneous coronary intervention
STEMI
ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction
T2w-STIR
T2-weighted short tau inversion recovery
TIMI
Thrombolysis In Myocardial Infarction
  • Received June 24, 2015.
  • Revision received September 2, 2015.
  • Accepted September 22, 2015.

References

  1. ↵
    1. Steg P.G.,
    2. James S.K.,
    3. Atar D.,
    4. et al.
    (2012) ESC guidelines for the management of acute myocardial infarction in patients presenting with ST-segment elevation. Eur Heart J 33:2569–2619.
    OpenUrlCrossRefPubMed
  2. ↵
    1. O'Gara P.T.,
    2. Kushner F.G.,
    3. Ascheim D.D.,
    4. et al.
    (2013) 2013 ACCF/AHA guideline for the management of ST-elevation myocardial infarction: a report of the American College of Cardiology Foundation/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines. J Am Coll Cardiol 61:e78–e140.
    OpenUrlFREE Full Text
  3. ↵
    1. Fieno D.S.,
    2. Hillenbrand H.B.,
    3. Rehwald W.G.,
    4. et al.
    (2004) Infarct resorption, compensatory hypertrophy, and differing patterns of ventricular remodeling following myocardial infarctions of varying size. J Am Coll Cardiol 43:2124–2131.
    OpenUrlFREE Full Text
  4. ↵
    1. Gershlick A.H.,
    2. Khan J.N.,
    3. Kelly D.J.,
    4. et al.
    (2015) Randomized trial of complete versus lesion-only revascularization in patients undergoing primary percutaneous coronary intervention for STEMI and multivessel disease: the CvLPRIT trial. J Am Coll Cardiol 65:963–972.
    OpenUrlFREE Full Text
  5. ↵
    1. Prasad A.,
    2. Rihal C.S.,
    3. Lennon R.J.,
    4. Singh M.,
    5. Jaffe A.S.,
    6. Holmes D.R.
    (2008) Significance of periprocedural myonecrosis on outcomes after percutaneous coronary intervention: an analysis of preintervention and postintervention troponin T levels in 5487 patients. Circ Cardiovasc Interv 1:10–19.
    OpenUrlAbstract/FREE Full Text
  6. ↵
    1. Thygesen K.,
    2. Alpert J.S.,
    3. Jaffe A.S.,
    4. et al.
    (2012) Third universal definition of myocardial infarction. Eur Heart J 33:2551–2567.
    OpenUrlCrossRefPubMed
  7. ↵
    1. Aletras A.H.,
    2. Tilak G.S.,
    3. Natanzon A.,
    4. et al.
    (2006) Retrospective determination of the area at risk for reperfused acute myocardial infarction with T2-weighted cardiac magnetic resonance imaging: histopathological and displacement encoding with stimulated echoes (DENSE) functional validations. Circulation 113:1865–1870.
    OpenUrlAbstract/FREE Full Text
  8. ↵
    1. Wagner A.,
    2. Mahrholdt H.,
    3. Holly T.A.,
    4. et al.
    (2003) Contrast-enhanced MRI and routine single photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) perfusion imaging for detection of subendocardial myocardial infarcts: an imaging study. Lancet 361:374–379.
    OpenUrlCrossRefPubMed
  9. ↵
    1. Larose E.,
    2. Rodes-Cabau J.,
    3. Pibarot P.,
    4. et al.
    (2010) Predicting late myocardial recovery and outcomes in the early hours of ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction traditional measures compared with microvascular obstruction, salvaged myocardium, and necrosis characteristics by cardiovascular magnetic resonance. J Am Coll Cardiol 55:2459–2469.
    OpenUrlFREE Full Text
  10. ↵
    1. de Waha S.,
    2. Desch S.,
    3. Eitel I.,
    4. Fuernau G.
    (2010) Impact of early vs. late microvascular obstruction assessed by magnetic resonance imaging on longterm outcome after ST-elevation myocardial infarction: a comparison with traditional prognostic markers. Eur Heart J 31:2660–2668.
    OpenUrlCrossRefPubMed
  11. ↵
    1. Kelly D.J.,
    2. McCann G.P.,
    3. Blackman D.,
    4. et al.
    (2013) Complete Versus culprit-Lesion only PRimary PCI Trial (CVLPRIT): a multicentre trial testing management strategies when multivessel disease is detected at the time of primary PCI: rationale and design. EuroIntervention 8:1190–1198.
    OpenUrlCrossRefPubMed
  12. ↵
    1. TIMI Study Group
    (1985) The Thrombolysis in Myocardial Infarction (TIMI) trial. Phase I findings. N Engl J Med 312:932–936.
    OpenUrlPubMed
  13. ↵
    1. Rentrop K.P.,
    2. Cohen M.,
    3. Blanke H.,
    4. Phillips R.A.
    (1985) Changes in collateral channel filling immediately after controlled coronary artery occlusion by an angioplasty balloon in human subjects. J Am Coll Cardiol 5:587–592.
    OpenUrlFREE Full Text
  14. ↵
    1. Khan J.N.,
    2. Razvi N.,
    3. Nazir S.A.,
    4. et al.
    (2014) Prevalence and extent of infarct and microvascular obstruction following different reperfusion therapies in ST-elevation myocardial infarction. J Cardiovasc Magn Reson 16:38.
    OpenUrlCrossRefPubMed
  15. ↵
    1. Steadman C.D.,
    2. Jerosch-Herold M.,
    3. Grundy B.,
    4. et al.
    (2012) Determinants and functional significance of myocardial perfusion reserve in severe aortic stenosis. J Am Coll Cardiol Img 5:182–189.
    OpenUrlCrossRef
  16. ↵
    1. Amado L.C.,
    2. Gerber B.L.,
    3. Gupta S.N.,
    4. et al.
    (2004) Accurate and objective infarct sizing by contrast-enhanced magnetic resonance imaging in a canine myocardial infarction model. J Am Coll Cardiol 44:2383–2389.
    OpenUrlFREE Full Text
  17. ↵
    1. Sjogren J.,
    2. Ubachs J.F.,
    3. Engblom H.,
    4. et al.
    (2012) Semi-automatic segmentation of myocardium at risk in T2-weighted cardiovascular magnetic resonance. J Cardiovasc Magn Reson 14:10.
    OpenUrlCrossRefPubMed
  18. ↵
    1. Hussain S.T.,
    2. Paul M.,
    3. Plein S.,
    4. et al.
    (2012) Design and rationale of the MR-INFORM study: stress perfusion cardiovascular magnetic resonance imaging to guide the management of patients with stable coronary artery disease. J Cardiovasc Magn Reson 14:65.
    OpenUrlCrossRefPubMed
  19. ↵
    1. Lund G.K.,
    2. Stork A.,
    3. Muellerleile K.,
    4. et al.
    (2007) Prediction of left ventricular remodeling and analysis of infarct resorption in patients with reperfused myocardial infarcts by using contrast-enhanced MR imaging. Radiology 245:95–104.
    OpenUrlCrossRefPubMed
  20. ↵
    1. Wu E.,
    2. Ortiz J.T.,
    3. Tejedor P.,
    4. et al.
    (2008) Infarct size by contrast enhanced cardiac magnetic resonance is a stronger predictor of outcomes than left ventricular ejection fraction or end-systolic volume index: prospective cohort study. Heart 94:730–736.
    OpenUrlAbstract/FREE Full Text
  21. ↵
    1. Rahimi K.,
    2. Banning A.P.,
    3. Cheng A.S.,
    4. et al.
    (2009) Prognostic value of coronary revascularisation-related myocardial injury: a cardiac magnetic resonance imaging study. Heart 95:1937–1943.
    OpenUrlAbstract/FREE Full Text
  22. ↵
    1. Wald D.S.,
    2. Morris J.K.,
    3. Wald N.J.,
    4. et al.
    (2013) Randomized trial of preventive angioplasty in myocardial infarction. N Engl J Med 369:1115–1123.
    OpenUrlCrossRefPubMed
  23. ↵
    1. Masci P.G.,
    2. Ganame J.,
    3. Francone M.,
    4. et al.
    (2011) Relationship between location and size of myocardial infarction and their reciprocal influences on post-infarction left ventricular remodelling. Eur Heart J 32:1640–1648.
    OpenUrlCrossRefPubMed
  24. ↵
    1. Alcock R.F.,
    2. Roy P.,
    3. Adorini K.,
    4. et al.
    (2010) Incidence and determinants of myocardial infarction following percutaneous coronary interventions according to the revised Joint Task Force definition of troponin T elevation. Int J Cardiol 140:66–72.
    OpenUrlCrossRefPubMed
  25. ↵
    1. Selvanayagam J.B.,
    2. Porto I.,
    3. Channon K.,
    4. et al.
    (2005) Troponin elevation after percutaneous coronary intervention directly represents the extent of irreversible myocardial injury: insights from cardiovascular magnetic resonance imaging. Circulation 111:1027–1032.
    OpenUrlAbstract/FREE Full Text
  26. ↵
    1. Selvanayagam J.B.,
    2. Cheng A.S.,
    3. Jerosch-Herold M.,
    4. et al.
    (2007) Effect of distal embolization on myocardial perfusion reserve after percutaneous coronary intervention: a quantitative magnetic resonance perfusion study. Circulation 116:1458–1464.
    OpenUrlAbstract/FREE Full Text
  27. ↵
    1. Taylor A.J.,
    2. Al-Saadi N.,
    3. Abdel-Aty H.,
    4. et al.
    (2006) Elective percutaneous coronary intervention immediately impairs resting microvascular perfusion assessed by cardiac magnetic resonance imaging. Am Heart J 151:891.e1–891.e7.
    OpenUrlCrossRefPubMed
  28. ↵
    1. Dambrink J.H.,
    2. Debrauwere J.P.,
    3. van 't Hof A.W.,
    4. et al.
    (2010) Non-culprit lesions detected during primary PCI: treat invasively or follow the guidelines? EuroIntervention 5:968–975.
    OpenUrlCrossRefPubMed
  29. ↵
    1. De Bruyne B.,
    2. Pijls N.H.,
    3. Kalesan B.,
    4. et al.
    (2012) Fractional flow reserve-guided PCI versus medical therapy in stable coronary disease. N Engl J Med 367:991–1001.
    OpenUrlCrossRefPubMed
  30. ↵
    1. Mahmarian J.J.,
    2. Dakik H.A.,
    3. Filipchuk N.G.,
    4. et al.
    (2006) An initial strategy of intensive medical therapy is comparable to that of coronary revascularization for suppression of scintigraphic ischemia in high-risk but stable survivors of acute myocardial infarction. J Am Coll Cardiol 48:2458–2467.
    OpenUrlFREE Full Text
  31. ↵
    1. Mather A.N.,
    2. Fairbairn T.A.,
    3. Artis N.J.
    (2011) Greenwood JP, Plein S. Timing of cardiovascular MR imaging after acute myocardial infarction: effect on estimates of infarct characteristics and prediction of late ventricular remodeling. Radiology 261:116–126.
    OpenUrlCrossRefPubMed
View Abstract
Back to top

Toolbox

Print PDF
Email
Citation

Metrics

Podcast

Subscribe to Podcast
Download MP3
Advertisement

Article Outline

Figures in Article

Figures

  • Central Illustration
  • Figure 1
  • Figure 2
  • Figure 3

Supplementary Materials

Similar Articles

Advertisement